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@PHDTHESIS{Noll:237436,
      author       = {Noll, Ernst Johannes Oliver},
      othercontributors = {Maas, Frank},
      title        = {{D}igital {S}ignal {P}rocessing for the {M}easurement of
                      {P}article {P}roperties with the {PANDA} {E}lectromagnetic
                      {C}alorimeter},
      school       = {Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      publisher    = {Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz},
      reportid     = {GSI-2021-00425},
      pages        = {198 Seiten},
      year         = {2020},
      note         = {Dissertation, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 2020},
      abstract     = {In recent decades, the quantum field theory of strong
                      interaction (QCD) has been impressively demonstrated in the
                      area of high energies and momentum transfers. Nowadays,
                      novel experiments allow for challenging the methods for the
                      calculation of QCD also in the non-perturbative regime by
                      the continuous improvement of measurement accuracy. PANDA at
                      the upcoming FAIR accelerator facility is one of such
                      experiments. At PANDA, antiprotons with momenta of up to 15
                      GeV/c will be annihilated at a fixed proton target under
                      high luminosities. Among a variety of detector systems,
                      PANDA stands out with its lead tungstate electromagnetic
                      calorimeter (EMC), which is designed to have a wide dynamic
                      range (10 MeV to 14.6 GeV) and a relative energy resolution
                      of better than 2.5 $\%$ at 1 GeV. The development of the
                      backward part of the PANDA EMC is the first scientific goal
                      of this thesis. Since the development of the backward EMC
                      has progressed so far, it is foreseen for an experiment
                      within the FAIR Phase-0 research programme. It is proposed
                      to measure the double-virtual electromagnetic transition
                      form factor (TFF) of the pion in the Primakoff π0
                      electroproduction at the Mainz Microtron facility (MAMI).
                      The pion TFF is related via the hadronic light-by-light
                      scattering to the $g_μ-2$ puzzle. Consequently, the second
                      scientific goal of this thesis are preparatory studies for
                      FAIR Phase-0. The developments of this work resulted in a
                      fully functional prototype calorimeter, which operated
                      stably in numerous tests at MAMI. However, the focus of this
                      work is digital signal processing (DSP) for the PANDA EMC. A
                      specially developed software framework allowed for testing
                      and optimising signal optimising algorithms and parameter
                      extraction methods on realistically simulated signals. Thus,
                      the algorithms are well-adapted to the time structure of the
                      PANDA calorimeter preamplifier (APFEL) signals. Furthermore,
                      the DSP methods were implemented on the Field Programmable
                      Gate Arrays (FPGAs) of the PANDA digitisation board. The
                      developed FPGA firmware provides a self-triggering readout
                      for all calorimeter channels, an efficient implementation of
                      a high order filter with a finite impulse response (FIR),
                      noise hit suppression and pileup handling. Together with the
                      calorimeter prototype, the digital signal processing was
                      tested at MAMI. Thanks to the use of the DSP methods, an
                      energy detection threshold (single crystal) of less than 2.5
                      MeV was achieved. This allowed for a measured relative
                      energy resolution of 2.190(2) $\%$ at 1 GeV. Moreover, the
                      non-linearity of the calorimeter is in the order of a few
                      per mill. Due to the self-triggering concept of the FPGA
                      firmware, measurements under high detector rates were
                      possible. Thus, a dead time of 464(13) ns and a pileup
                      probability of 4.53(12) $\%$ at 100 kHz was determined. For
                      the measurement of the pion TFF, a high flux of low energy
                      electrons and photons is expected. Thus, test beams with the
                      prototype were performed to determine the impact of the low
                      energetic background on the measurement. By utilising both
                      experimental data and simulations, an upper limit for the
                      relative energy resolution (2.75(4) $\%$ to 6.57(2) $\%$ at
                      1 GeV) as a function of the luminosity (2.77 μb-1/s to
                      55.34 μb-1/s) was found. The study allows an estimation of
                      the FAIR Phase-0 measuring time.},
      cin          = {MEP / PANDA@FAIR},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Ds200)MEP-20150313OR329 /
                      I:(DE-Ds200)Coll-FAIR-PANDA},
      pnm          = {612 - Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory (POF3-612)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-612},
      experiment   = {$EXP:(DE-Ds200)Experiment_without_proposal_number-20200803$},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      doi          = {10.25358/OPENSCIENCE-5078},
      url          = {https://repository.gsi.de/record/237436},
}