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@ARTICLE{UlrichPur:349931,
      author       = {Ulrich-Pur, Felix and Bergauer, Thomas and Galatyuk,
                      Tetyana and Hirtl, Albert and Kausel, Matthias and Kedych,
                      Vadym and Kis, Mladen and Kozymka, Yevhen and Krüger,
                      Wilhelm and Linev, Sergey and Michel, Jan and Pietraszko,
                      Jerzy and Rost, Adrian and Schmidt, Christian Joachim and
                      Traeger, Michael and Traxler, Michael},
      title        = {{F}irst experimental time-of-flight-based proton
                      radiography using low gain avalanche diodes},
      journal      = {Physics in medicine and biology},
      volume       = {69},
      issn         = {0031-9155},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {GSI-2024-00522, arXiv:2312.15027},
      pages        = {075031},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {Original content from this work may be used under the terms
                      of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further
                      distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the
                      author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and
                      DOI.},
      abstract     = {Ion computed tomography (iCT) is an imaging modality for
                      the direct determination of the relative stopping power
                      (RSP) distribution within a patient's body. Usually, this is
                      done by estimating the path and energy loss of ions
                      traversing the scanned volume via a tracking system and a
                      separate residual energy detector. This study, on the other
                      hand, introduces the first experimental study of a novel iCT
                      approach based on time-of-flight (TOF) measurements, the
                      so-called Sandwich TOF-iCT concept, which in contrast to any
                      other iCT system, does not require a residual energy
                      detector for the RSP determination. A small TOF-iCT
                      demonstrator was built based on low gain avalanche diodes
                      (LGAD), which are 4D-tracking detectors that allow to
                      simultaneously measure the particle position and
                      time-of-arrival with a precision better than 100um and
                      100ps, respectively. Using this demonstrator, the material
                      and energy-dependent TOF was measured for several
                      homogeneous PMMA slabs in order to calibrate the acquired
                      TOF against the corresponding water equivalent thickness
                      (WET). With this calibration, two proton radiographs (pRad)
                      of a small aluminium stair phantom were recorded at
                      MedAustron using 83 and 100.4MeV protons. Due to the
                      simplified WET calibration models used in this very first
                      experimental study of this novel approach, the difference
                      between the measured and theoretical WET ranged between
                      37.09 and $51.12\%.$ Nevertheless, the first TOF-based pRad
                      was successfully recorded showing that LGADs are suitable
                      detector candidates for TOF-iCT. While the system parameters
                      and WET estimation algorithms require further optimization,
                      this work was an important first step to realize Sandwich
                      TOF-iCT. Due to its compact and cost-efficient design,
                      Sandwich TOF-iCT has the potential to make iCT more feasible
                      and attractive for clinical application, which, eventually,
                      could enhance the treatment planning quality.},
      cin          = {DTL / HADES@FAIR},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Ds200)DTL-20051214OR031 /
                      I:(DE-Ds200)Coll-FAIR-HADES},
      pnm          = {622 - Detector Technologies and Systems (POF4-622) / 612 -
                      Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory (POF4-612) / DFG project
                      G:(GEPRIS)491382106 - Open-Access-Publikationskosten /
                      2025-2027 / GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung
                      (491382106) / Tangerine - Towards Next Generation Silicon
                      Detectors (innovation pool) (Tangerine)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-622 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-612 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)491382106 / G:(DE-Ds200)Tangerine},
      experiment   = {$EXP:(DE-Ds200)External_experiment-20200803$},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:38471178},
      UT           = {WOS:001193164500001},
      eprint       = {2312.15027},
      howpublished = {arXiv:2312.15027},
      archivePrefix = {arXiv},
      SLACcitation = {$\%\%CITATION$ = $arXiv:2312.15027;\%\%$},
      doi          = {10.1088/1361-6560/ad3326},
      url          = {https://repository.gsi.de/record/349931},
}