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@ARTICLE{Adam:362350,
author = {Adam, Thomas and Adamowicz, Kai and Ahmad, Shakeel and
Ahmed, Rizwan and Aiello, Sebastiano and An, Fengpeng and
Andreopoulos, Costas and Andronico, Giuseppe and Anfimov,
Nikolay and Antonelli, Vito and Antoshkina, Tatiana and
Athayde Marcondes de André, João Pedro and Auguste, Didier
and Bai, Weidong and Balashov, Nikita and Barresi, Andrea
and Basilico, Davide and Baussan, Eric and Beretta, Marco
and Bergnoli, Antonio and Bessonov, Nikita and Bick, Daniel
and Bieger, Lukas and Biktemerova, Svetlana and Birkenfeld,
Thilo and Blyth, Simon and Bolshakova, Anastasia and
Bongrand, Mathieu and Borghesi, Matteo and Breton, Dominique
and Brigatti, Augusto and Brugnera, Riccardo and Bruno,
Riccardo and Büchner, Marcel and Budano, Antonio and Busto,
Jose and Cabrera, Anatael and Caccianiga, Barbara and Cai,
Hao and Cai, Xiao and Cai, Yanke and Cai, Zhiyan and
Callier, Stéphane and Calvez, Steven and Cammi, Antonio and
Cao, Chuanya and Cao, Guofu and Cao, Jun and Cao, Yaoqi and
Caruso, Rossella and Cerna, Cédric and Cerrone, Vanessa and
Chang, Jinfan and Chang, Yun and Chatrabhuti, Auttakit and
Chen, Chao and Chen, Guoming and Chen, Jiahui and Chen, Jian
and Chen, Jing and Chen, Junyou and Chen, Pingping and Chen,
Shaomin and Chen, Shiqiang and Chen, Xin and Chen, Yiming
and Chen, Yixue and Chen, Yu and Chen, Ze and Chen,
Zhangming and Chen, Zhiyuan and Cheng, Jie and Cheng, Yaping
and Cheng, Yu Chin and Chepurnov, Alexander and Chetverikov,
Alexey and Chiesa, Davide and Chimenti, Pietro and Chou,
Po-Lin and Chu, Ziliang and Chukanov, Artem and Claverie,
Gérard and Clementi, Catia and Clerbaux, Barbara and
Coletta, Claudio and Conforti Di Lorenzo, Selma and Csakli,
Simon and Cui, Chenyang and Dalager, Olivia and De La
Taille, Christophe and Deng, Zhi and Deng, Ziyan and Ding,
Xiaoyu and Ding, Xuefeng and Ding, Yayun and Dirgantara,
Bayu and Dittrich, Carsten and Dmitrievsky, Sergey and
Doerflinger, David and Dolzhikov, Dmitry and Dong, Haojie
and Dong, Jianmeng and Doroshkevich, Evgeny and Dracos,
Marcos and Druillole, Frédéric and Du, Ran and Du, Shuxian
and Duan, Yujie and Dugas, Katherine and Dusini, Stefano and
Duyang, Hongyue and Eck, Jessica and Enqvist, Timo and
Fabbri, Andrea and Fahrendholz, Ulrike and Fan, Lei and
Fang, Jian and Fang, Wenxing and Fedoseev, Dmitry and Feng,
Li-Cheng and Feng, Qichun and Ferraro, Federico and Fetzer,
Daniela and Fotzé, Marcellin and Fournier, Amélie and
Freegard, Aaron and Gao, Feng and Garfagnini, Alberto and
Gavrikov, Arsenii and Giammarchi, Marco and Giudice, Nunzio
and Gonchar, Maxim and Gong, Guanghua and Gong, Hui and
Gornushkin, Yuri and Grassi, Marco and Gromov, Maxim and
Gromov, Vasily and Gu, Minghao and Gu, Xiaofei and Gu, Yu
and Guan, Mengyun and Guan, Yuduo and Guardone, Nunzio and
Guizzetti, Rosa Maria and Guo, Cong and Guo, Wanlei and
Hagner, Caren and Han, Hechong and Han, Ran and Han, Yang
and He, Jinhong and He, Miao and He, Wei and He, Xinhai and
He, Ziou and Heinz, Tobias and Hellmuth, Patrick and Heng,
Yuekun and Hor, YuenKeung and Hou, Shaojing and Hsiung, Yee
and Hu, Bei-Zhen and Hu, Hang and Hu, Jun and Hu, Tao and
Hu, Yuxiang and Huang, Guihong and Huang, Jinhao and Huang,
Junting and Huang, Kaixuan and Huang, Shengheng and Huang,
Tao and Huang, Xin and Huang, Xingtao and Huang, Yongbo and
Hui, Jiaqi and Huo, Lei and Huss, Cédric and Hussain,
Safeer and Imbert, Leonard and Ioannisian, Ara and Jacobi,
Adrienne and Jafar, Arshak and Jelmini, Beatrice and Ji,
Xiangpan and Ji, Xiaolu and Jia, Huihui and Jia, Junji and
Jiang, Cailian and Jiang, Wei and Jiang, Xiaoshan and Jiang,
Xiaozhao and Jiang, Yijian and Jiang, Yixuan and Jing,
Xiaoping and Jollet, Cécile and Kang, Li and Karaparabil,
Rebin and Kazarian, Narine and Khan, Ali and Khatun, Amina
and Khosonthongkee, Khanchai and Korablev, Denis and
Kouzakov, Konstantin and Krasnoperov, Alexey and Kuleshov,
Sergey and Kumaran, Sindhujha and Kutovskiy, Nikolay and
Labit, Loïc and Lachenmaier, Tobias and Lai, Haojing and
Landini, Cecilia and Leblanc, Sébastien and Lecocq,
Matthieu and Lefevre, Frederic and Lei, Ruiting and Leitner,
Rupert and Leung, Jason and Li, Demin and Li, Fei and Li,
Fule and Li, Gaosong and Li, Hongjian and Li, Huang and Li,
Jiajun and Li, Min and Li, Nan and Li, Qingjiang and Li,
Ruhui and Li, Rui and Li, Shanfeng and Li, Tao and Li, Teng
and Li, Weidong and Li, Xiaonan and Li, Yi and Li, Yichen
and Li, Yifan and Li, Yufeng and Li, Zhaohan and Li, Zhibing
and Li, Zi-Ming and Li, Zonghai and Liang, An-An and Liao,
Jiajun and Liao, Minghua and Liao, Yilin and Limphirat, Ayut
and Lin, Bo-Chun and Lin, Guey-Lin and Lin, Shengxin and
Lin, Tao and Lin, Xianhao and Lin, Xingyi and Ling, Jiajie
and Ling, Xin and Lippi, Ivano and Liu, Caimei and Liu, Fang
and Liu, Fengcheng and Liu, Haidong and Liu, Haotian and
Liu, Hongbang and Liu, Hongjuan and Liu, Hongtao and Liu,
Hongyang and Liu, Jianglai and Liu, Jiaxi and Liu, Jinchang
and Liu, Kainan and Liu, Min and Liu, Qian and Liu, Runxuan
and Liu, Shenghui and Liu, Shulin and Liu, Xiaowei and Liu,
Xiwen and Liu, Xuewei and Liu, Yankai and Liu, Zhen and Loi,
Lorenzo and Lokhov, Alexey and Lombardi, Paolo and Lombardo,
Claudio and Loo, Kai and Lu, Haoqi and Lu, Junguang and Lu,
Meishu and Lu, Peizhi and Lu, Shuxiang and Lu, Xianguo and
Lubsandorzhiev, Bayarto and Lubsandorzhiev, Sultim and
Ludhova, Livia and Lukanov, Arslan and Luo, Fengjiao and
Luo, Guang and Luo, Jianyi and Luo, Shu and Luo, Wuming and
Luo, Xiaojie and Lyashuk, Vladimir and Ma, Bangzheng and Ma,
Bing and Ma, Qiumei and Ma, Si and Ma, Wing Yan and Ma,
Xiaoyan and Ma, Xubo and Maalmi, Jihane and Mai, Jingyu and
Malabarba, Marco and Malyshkin, Yury and Mandujano, Roberto
Carlos and Mantovani, Fabio and Mao, Xin and Mari, Stefano
M. and Martini, Agnese and Mayer, Matthias and Mayilyan,
Davit and Meng, Yue and Meregaglia, Anselmo and Miramonti,
Lino and Molla, Marta Colomer and Montuschi, Michele and
Morales Reveco, Cristobal and Morton-Blake, Iwan and
Nastasi, Massimiliano and Naumov, Dmitry V. and Naumova,
Elena and Nemchenok, Igor and Neuerburg, Elisabeth and
Nguyen Thi, Minh Thuan and Nikolaev, Alexey and Ning,
Feipeng and Ning, Zhe and Niu, Yujie and Nunokawa, Hiroshi
and Oberauer, Lothar and Ochoa-Ricoux, Juan Pedro and
Olivares, Sebastian and Olshevskiy, Alexander and Orestano,
Domizia and Ortica, Fausto and Othegraven, Rainer and Pan,
Yifei and Paoloni, Alessandro and Parker, George and Pei,
Yatian and Pelicci, Luca and Peng, Anguo and Peng, Yu and
Peng, Zhaoyuan and Percalli, Elisa and Perrin, Willy and
Perrot, Frédéric and Petitjean, Pierre-Alexandre and
Petrucci, Fabrizio and Pilarczyk, Oliver and Popov, Artyom
and Poussot, Pascal and Previtali, Ezio and Qi, Fazhi and
Qi, Ming and Qi, Xiaohui and Qian, Sen and Qian, Xiaohui and
Qin, Zhonghua and Qiu, Shoukang and Qu, Manhao and Qu,
Zhenning and Ranucci, Gioacchino and Raymond, Thomas and Re,
Alessandra and Rebii, Abdel and Redchuk, Mariia and Ren, Bin
and Ren, Yuhan and Ricci, Barbara and Rientong, Komkrit and
Rifai, Mariam and Roche, Mathieu and Rodphai, Narongkiat and
de Faria Rodrigues, Fernanda and Romani, Aldo and Roskovec,
Bedřich and Rybnikov, Arseniy and Sadovsky, Andrey and
Saggese, Paolo and Sandanayake, Deshan and Sangka, Anut and
Sava, Giuseppe and Sawangwit, Utane and Schever, Michaela
and Schwab, Cédric and Schweizer, Konstantin and Selyunin,
Alexandr and Serafini, Andrea and Settimo, Mariangela and
Shao, Junyu and Sharov, Vladislav and Shi, Hangyu and Shi,
Hexi and Shi, Jingyan and Shi, Yanan and Shutov, Vitaly and
Sidorenkov, Andrey and Šimkovic, Fedor and Singhal, Apeksha
and Sirignano, Chiara and Siripak, Jaruchit and Sisti,
Monica and Smirnov, Oleg and Sokolov, Sergey and
Songwadhana, Julanan and Soonthornthum, Boonrucksar and
Sotnikov, Albert and Sreethawong, Warintorn and Stahl, Achim
and Stanco, Luca and Farilla, Elia Stanescu and Stankevich,
Konstantin and Steiger, Hans and Steinmann, Jochen and
Sterr, Tobias and Stock, Matthias Raphael and Strati,
Virginia and Strizh, Mikhail and Studenikin, Alexander and
Su, Aoqi and Su, Jun and Sun, Guangbao and Sun, Mingxia and
Sun, Shifeng and Sun, Xilei and Sun, Yongzhao and Sun,
Zhengyang and Suwonjandee, Narumon and Takenaka, Akira and
Tan, Xiaohan and Tang, Jian and Tang, Jingzhe and Tang,
Qiang and Tang, Quan and Tang, Xiao and Thara Hariharan,
Vidhya and Tian, Yuxin and Tkachev, Igor and Tmej, Tomas and
Torri, Marco Danilo Claudio and Triossi, Andrea and Trzaska,
Wladyslaw and Tung, Yu-Chen and Tuve, Cristina and Ushakov,
Nikita and Venettacci, Carlo and Verde, Giuseppe and
Vialkov, Maxim and Viaud, Benoit and Vollbrecht, Cornelius
Moritz and Vorobel, Vit and Voronin, Dmitriy and Votano,
Lucia and Wang, Caishen and Wang, Chung-Hsiang and Wang, En
and Wang, Hanwen and Wang, Jiabin and Wang, Jun and Wang, Li
and Wang, Meng and Wang, Meng and Wang, Mingyuan and Wang,
Qianchuan and Wang, Ruiguang and Wang, Sibo and Wang,
Tianhong and Wang, Wei and Wang, Wenshuai and Wang, Xi and
Wang, Yangfu and Wang, Yaoguang and Wang, Yi and Wang, Yi
and Wang, Yifang and Wang, Yuanqing and Wang, Yuyi and Wang,
Zhe and Wang, Zheng and Wang, Zhimin and Watcharangkool,
Apimook and Wei, Wei and Wei, Wei and Wei, Yadong and Wei,
Yuehuan and Wei, Zhengbao and Wen, Liangjian and Weng, Jun
and Wiebusch, Christopher and Wirth, Rosmarie and Wu, Bi and
Wu, Chengxin and Wu, Diru and Wu, Qun and Wu, Yinhui and Wu,
Yiyang and Wu, Zhaoxiang and Wu, Zhi and Wurm, Michael and
Wurtz, Jacques and Xia, Dongmei and Xian, Shishen and Xiang,
Ziqian and Xiao, Fei and Xiao, Pengfei and Xiao, Xiang and
Xie, Wei-Jun and Xie, Xiaochuan and Xie, Yijun and Xie,
Yuguang and Xin, Zhao and Xing, Zhizhong and Xu, Benda and
Xu, Cheng and Xu, Donglian and Xu, Fanrong and Xu, Jiayang
and Xu, Jilei and Xu, Jinghuan and Xu, Meihang and Xu,
Shiwen and Xu, Xunjie and Xu, Yin and Xu, Yu and Xue,
Jingqin and Yan, Baojun and Yan, Qiyu and Yan, Taylor and
Yan, Xiongbo and Yan, Yupeng and Yang, Changgen and Yang,
Chengfeng and Yang, Fengfan and Yang, Jie and Yang, Lei and
Yang, Pengfei and Yang, Xiaoyu and Yang, Yifan and Yang,
Yixiang and Yang, Zekun and Yao, Haifeng and Ye, Jiaxuan and
Ye, Mei and Ye, Ziping and Yermia, Frédéric and Yin,
Jilong and Yin, Weiqing and Yin, Xiaohao and You, Zhengyun
and Yu, Boxiang and Yu, Chiye and Yu, Chunxu and Yu,
Hongzhao and Yu, Peidong and Yu, Xianghui and Yu, Zeyuan and
Yu, Zezhong and Yuan, Cenxi and Yuan, Chengzhuo and Yuan,
Zhaoyang and Yuan, Zhenxiong and Zafar, Noman and Zamora,
Jilberto and Zavadskyi, Vitalii and Zeng, Fanrui and Zeng,
Shan and Zeng, Tingxuan and Zhan, Liang and Zhan, Yonghua
and Zhang, Aiqiang and Zhang, Bin and Zhang, Binting and
Zhang, Feiyang and Zhang, Han and Zhang, Hangchang and
Zhang, Haosen and Zhang, Honghao and Zhang, Jialiang and
Zhang, Jiawen and Zhang, Jie and Zhang, Jingbo and Zhang,
Junwei and Zhang, Lei and Zhang, Ping and Zhang, Qingmin and
Zhang, Rongping and Zhang, Shiqi and Zhang, Shuihan and
Zhang, Siyuan and Zhang, Tao and Zhang, Xiaomei and Zhang,
Xin and Zhang, Xu and Zhang, Xuantong and Zhang, Yibing and
Zhang, Yinhong and Zhang, Yiyu and Zhang, Yongpeng and
Zhang, Yu and Zhang, Yuanyuan and Zhang, Yumei and Zhang,
Zhenyu and Zhang, Zhijian and Zhao, Jie and Zhao, Runze and
Zhao, Shujun and Zhao, Tianhao and Zheng, Hua and Zheng,
Yangheng and Zhou, Li and Zhou, Shun and Zhou, Tong and
Zhou, Xiang and Zhou, Xing and Zhu, Jingsen and Zhu, Kangfu
and Zhu, Kejun and Zhu, Zhihang and Zhuang, Bo and Zhuang,
Honglin and Zong, Liang and Zou, Jiaheng and {Juno
Collaboration}},
title = {{S}imulation of the background from $^{13}${C}$(\alpha
,\,n)^{16}${O} reaction in the {JUNO} scintillator},
journal = {The European physical journal / C},
volume = {85},
number = {9},
issn = {1434-6044},
address = {Heidelberg},
publisher = {Springer},
reportid = {GSI-2025-01119},
pages = {1080},
year = {2025},
note = {This article is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License},
abstract = {Large-scale organic liquid scintillator detectors are
highly efficient in the detection of MeV-scale electron
antineutrinos. These signal events can be detected through
inverse beta decay on protons, which produce a positron
accompanied by a neutron. A noteworthy background for
antineutrinos coming from nuclear power reactors and from
the depths of the Earth (geoneutrinos) is generated by
($\alpha,\,n$) reactions. In organic liquid scintillator
detectors, $\alpha$ particles emitted from intrinsic
contaminants such as $^{238}$U, $^{232}$Th, and
$^{210}$Pb/$^{210}$Po, can be captured on $^{13}$C nuclei,
followed by the emission of a MeV-scale neutron. Three
distinct interaction mechanisms can produce prompt energy
depositions preceding the delayed neutron capture, leading
to a pair of events correlated in space and time within the
detector. Thus, ($\alpha,\,n$) reactions represent an
indistinguishable background in liquid scintillator-based
antineutrino detectors, where their expected rate and energy
spectrum are typically evaluated via Monte Carlo
simulations. This work presents results from the open-source
SaG4n software, used to calculate the expected energy
depositions from the neutron and any associated
de-excitation products. Also simulated is a detailed
detector response to these interactions, using a dedicated
Geant4-based simulation software from the JUNO experiment.
An expected measurable $^{13}$C$(\alpha,\, n)^{16}$O event
rate and reconstructed prompt energy spectrum with
associated uncertainties, are presented in the context of
JUNO, however, the methods and results are applicable and
relevant to other organic liquid scintillator neutrino
detectors.},
cin = {FFN},
ddc = {530},
cid = {I:(DE-Ds200)FFN-20210302OR452},
pnm = {612 - Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory (POF4-612)},
pid = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-612},
experiment = {EXP:(DE-Ds200)JUNO-2022},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14333-4},
url = {https://repository.gsi.de/record/362350},
}
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