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@ARTICLE{DeFrancesco:362397,
      author       = {De Francesco, Sara and Amitrano, Chiara and Vitale,
                      Ermenegilda and Costanzo, Giulia and Tinganelli, Walter and
                      Pugliese, Mariagabriella and Arrichiello, Cecilia and Muto,
                      Paolo and Durante, Marco and De Pascale, Stefania and Arena,
                      Carmen and De Micco, Veronica},
      title        = {{R}adiation quality matters: morphological and biochemical
                      responses of {B}rassica rapa microgreens to {X}-rays,
                      {C}-ions, and {F}e-ions},
      journal      = {Planta},
      volume       = {262},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {0032-0935},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {GSI-2025-01129},
      pages        = {118},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {This article is licensed under a Creative Commons
                      Attribution 4.0 International License},
      abstract     = {Radiation type and dose distinctly modulate microgreens
                      development, revealing trait-specific thresholds where
                      X-rays induce hormesis, carbon ions delay differentiation,
                      and iron ions enhance biochemical balance with moderate
                      anatomical disruption. As space exploration progresses and
                      controlled-environment agriculture becomes increasingly
                      relevant under extreme conditions, understanding how
                      ionizing radiation affects plant development is crucial.
                      Ionizing radiation poses a major constraint in space
                      cultivation systems, also playing a role in terrestrial
                      stress scenarios. Despite growing interest in radiation
                      biology, few studies have systematically compared plant
                      responses to different radiation types with distinct linear
                      energy transfer (LET). In this study, seeds of Brassica rapa
                      L. were exposed to increasing doses of X-rays (low-LET),
                      carbon ions, and iron ions (high-LET). Seed germination,
                      morpho-anatomical, and biochemical traits of plants were
                      assessed up to the microgreens stage. Plant responses were
                      both dose- and radiation-specific. Specifically, X-rays
                      triggered a hormetic response at low doses (1 Gy), with a
                      decline in several analyzed traits at higher doses. Carbon
                      ions increased leaf expansion but reduced the content of
                      pigments, proteins, and the structural investment,
                      suggesting a delayed tissue differentiation and low-cost
                      acclimation mechanism under stress. Iron ions promoted a
                      coordinated upregulation of biochemical defenses and
                      moderate anatomical changes. Overall, radiation quality
                      induced distinct acclimation strategies in B. rapa,
                      influencing the balance between growth, structural
                      integrity, and defense mechanisms, highlighting its notable
                      radioresistance. Moreover, identifying trait-specific
                      thresholds and response patterns suggests that different
                      radiation types could be selectively applied to modulate
                      specific functions (e.g., biomass or antioxidants promotion,
                      anatomical adjustments) based on desired outcomes. These
                      findings provide valuable insights into how different
                      ionizing radiation types impact plant responses, addressing
                      a critical gap in space-oriented research and guiding
                      strategies to optimize plant growth in extraterrestrial
                      environments.},
      keywords     = {Brassica rapa: radiation effects / Brassica rapa: growth
                      $\&$ development / Brassica rapa: anatomy $\&$ histology /
                      Brassica rapa: physiology / Brassica rapa: metabolism / Iron
                      / X-Rays / Carbon / Germination: radiation effects / Plant
                      Leaves: radiation effects / Plant Leaves: growth $\&$
                      development / Plant Leaves: anatomy $\&$ histology / Seeds:
                      radiation effects / Seeds: growth $\&$ development /
                      Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation / Hormesis: radiation
                      effects / Linear Energy Transfer / Extreme environments
                      (Other) / Ionizing radiation (Other) / Leaf traits (Other) /
                      Phytochemical countermeasures (Other) / Radiobiology (Other)
                      / Stress response (Other) / Iron (NLM Chemicals) / Carbon
                      (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {BIO},
      ddc          = {580},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Ds200)BIO-20160831OR354},
      pnm          = {633 - Life Sciences – Building Blocks of Life: Structure
                      and Function (POF4-633) / FAIR Phase-0 - FAIR Phase-0
                      Research Program (GSI-FAIR-Phase-0) / SUC-GSI-Darmstadt -
                      Strategic university cooperation GSI-TU Darmstadt
                      (SUC-GSI-DA)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-633 / G:(Ds200)GSI-FAIR-Phase-0 /
                      G:(DE-Ds200)SUC-GSI-DA},
      experiment   = {$EXP:(DE-Ds200)SBio08_DeMicco-20200803$},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00425-025-04835-6},
      url          = {https://repository.gsi.de/record/362397},
}