000362971 001__ 362971
000362971 005__ 20251118230156.0
000362971 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1002/mp.17645
000362971 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a0094-2405
000362971 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1522-8541
000362971 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a2473-4209
000362971 0247_ $$2datacite_doi$$a10.15120/GSI-2025-01214
000362971 037__ $$aGSI-2025-01214
000362971 041__ $$aEnglish
000362971 082__ $$a610
000362971 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSimard, Mikaël$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000362971 245__ $$aA comparison of carbon ions versus protons for integrated mode ion imaging
000362971 260__ $$aHoboken, NJ$$bWiley$$c2025
000362971 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle
000362971 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article
000362971 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1763453792_1281522
000362971 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE
000362971 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE
000362971 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article
000362971 500__ $$aThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
000362971 520__ $$aIncorporating image guidance into ion beam therapy is critical for minimizing beam range uncertainties and realizing the modality's potential. One promising avenue for image guidance is to capture transmission ion radiographs (iRads) before and/or during treatment. iRad image quality is typically maximized using a single-event imaging system, which involves tracking individual ions, albeit the approach is generally not suited to clinical beam settings. An alternative faster and clinically compatible method is integrated mode imaging, where individual pencil beam data is acquired, rather than single ion data. To evaluate the usefulness of transmission ion imaging for image guidance, it is crucial to evaluate the image quality of integrated mode iRad systems.We report extensive image quality metrics of integrated mode carbon ion radiographs (cRads) and compare them with proton radiographs (pRads).iRads were obtained at the Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center using a plastic volumetric scintillator equipped with CCD cameras. The detector captures orthogonal views of the 3D energy deposition in the scintillator from individual pencil beams. Four phantoms were scanned using a 15 × 15 cm 2 $15\times 15 \ {\rm cm}^2$ field of view and a beam spacing of 1 mm. First, 9 tissue-substitute inserts were used to evaluate water equivalent thickness (WET) accuracy. Radiographs of those inserts were reconstructed for beam spacings ranging from 1 to 7 mm to evaluate the impact of spacing on quantitative accuracy. For spatial resolution, custom 3D printed line pair (lp) modules ranging from 0.5 to 10 lp/cm were scanned. To evaluate low contrast detectability, a custom 3D printed low contrast module consisting of 20 holes with depths ranging from 1 to 8 mm and diameters from 1 to 10 mm was scanned. iRads of an anthropomorphic head phantom were also obtained.Spatial resolution and low contrast detection are systematically improved for cRads compared to pRads. Image resolution was 3.7 lp/cm for cRads and 1.7 lp/cm for pRads in the center of the field of view. Spatial resolution was found to vary with the object's location in the field of view. While pRads could mostly resolve low contrast holes of 10 mm in diameter, cRads could resolve holes of up in 4 mm diameter. WET accuracy is similar for both ion species, with a root mean squared error of approximately 1 mm. WET accuracy was stable (maximum of 0.1 mm increase) across beam spacings, although important under-sampling artifacts were observed for iRads reconstructed using large beam spacings, especially for cRads. iRads of the anthropomorphic head phantom showed improved apparent contrast using cRads, especially to identify bony structures.This work is the first investigation of image quality metrics such as spatial resolution and low contrast detectability for integrated mode cRads, with a full comparison with pRads. Enhanced image quality is obtained with cRads compared to pRads, although pRads still maintain high WET accuracy and deliver image quality within acceptable bounds.
000362971 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-633$$a633 - Life Sciences – Building Blocks of Life: Structure and Function (POF4-633)$$cPOF4-633$$fPOF IV$$x0
000362971 536__ $$0G:(EU-Grant)101008548$$aHITRIplus - Heavy Ion Therapy Research Integration plus (101008548)$$c101008548$$fH2020-INFRAIA-2020-1$$x1
000362971 588__ $$aDataset connected to CrossRef, Journals: repository.gsi.de
000362971 650_7 $$2Other$$aimage‐guided radiotherapy
000362971 650_7 $$2Other$$aintegrated mode
000362971 650_7 $$2Other$$aion beam therapy
000362971 650_7 $$2Other$$aion imaging
000362971 650_7 $$2Other$$aion radiography
000362971 650_7 $$07440-44-0$$2NLM Chemicals$$aCarbon
000362971 650_7 $$2NLM Chemicals$$aProtons
000362971 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aPhantoms, Imaging
000362971 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aCarbon
000362971 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aProtons
000362971 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aHeavy Ion Radiotherapy
000362971 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aRadiotherapy, Image-Guided: methods
000362971 693__ $$0EXP:(DE-Ds200)External_experiment-20200803$$1EXP:(DE-Ds200)other-20200803$$5EXP:(DE-Ds200)External_experiment-20200803$$aother$$eExternal experiment at external facility/ no experiment at GSI (other)$$x0
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFullarton, Ryan$$b1
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Ds200)OR6911$$aVolz, Lennart$$b2
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Ds200)OR2115$$aSchuy, Christoph$$b3
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRobertson, Daniel G.$$b4
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aToltz, Allison$$b5
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBaker, Colin$$b6
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBeddar, Sam$$b7
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Ds200)OR5177$$aGraeff, Christian$$b8
000362971 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFekete, Charles-Antoine Collins$$b9
000362971 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)1466421-5$$a10.1002/mp.17645$$gVol. 52, no. 5, p. 3097 - 3106$$n5$$p3097 - 3106$$tMedical physics$$v52$$x0094-2405$$y2025
000362971 8564_ $$uhttps://repository.gsi.de/record/362971/files/Medical%20Physics%20-%202025%20-%20Simard%20-%20A%20comparison%20of%20carbon%20ions%20versus%20protons%20for%20integrated%20mode%20ion%20imaging.pdf$$yOpenAccess
000362971 8564_ $$uhttps://repository.gsi.de/record/362971/files/Medical%20Physics%20-%202025%20-%20Simard%20-%20A%20comparison%20of%20carbon%20ions%20versus%20protons%20for%20integrated%20mode%20ion%20imaging.pdf?subformat=pdfa$$xpdfa$$yOpenAccess
000362971 909CO $$ooai:repository.gsi.de:362971$$popenaire$$popen_access$$pdriver$$pVDB$$pec_fundedresources$$pdnbdelivery
000362971 9101_ $$0I:(DE-Ds200)20121206GSI$$6P:(DE-Ds200)OR6911$$aGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH$$b2$$kGSI
000362971 9101_ $$0I:(DE-Ds200)20121206GSI$$6P:(DE-Ds200)OR2115$$aGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH$$b3$$kGSI
000362971 9101_ $$0I:(DE-Ds200)20121206GSI$$6P:(DE-Ds200)OR5177$$aGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH$$b8$$kGSI
000362971 9131_ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-633$$1G:(DE-HGF)POF4-630$$2G:(DE-HGF)POF4-600$$3G:(DE-HGF)POF4$$4G:(DE-HGF)POF$$aDE-HGF$$bForschungsbereich Materie$$lVon Materie zu Materialien und Leben$$vLife Sciences – Building Blocks of Life: Structure and Function$$x0
000362971 9141_ $$y2025
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0200$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bSCOPUS$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0300$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bMedline$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0LIC:(DE-HGF)CCBY4$$2HGFVOC$$aCreative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0600$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bEbsco Academic Search$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0100$$2StatID$$aJCR$$bMED PHYS : 2022$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)3001$$2StatID$$aDEAL Wiley$$d2024-12-13$$wger
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)1030$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bCurrent Contents - Life Sciences$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0113$$2StatID$$aWoS$$bScience Citation Index Expanded$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0150$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bWeb of Science Core Collection$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)9900$$2StatID$$aIF < 5$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0510$$2StatID$$aOpenAccess
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0030$$2StatID$$aPeer Review$$bASC$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0160$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bEssential Science Indicators$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)1110$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bCurrent Contents - Clinical Medicine$$d2024-12-13
000362971 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0199$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bClarivate Analytics Master Journal List$$d2024-12-13
000362971 920__ $$lyes
000362971 9201_ $$0I:(DE-Ds200)BIO-20160831OR354$$kBIO$$lBiophysik$$x0
000362971 980__ $$ajournal
000362971 980__ $$aVDB
000362971 980__ $$aUNRESTRICTED
000362971 980__ $$aI:(DE-Ds200)BIO-20160831OR354
000362971 9801_ $$aFullTexts