<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xml>
<records>
<record>
  <ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type>
  <contributors>
    <authors>
      <author>Omana Kuttan, Manjunath</author>
      <author>Zhou, Kai</author>
      <author>Steinheimer, Jan</author>
      <author>Stöcker, Horst</author>
    </authors>
    <subsidiary-authors>
      <author>TES</author>
    </subsidiary-authors>
  </contributors>
  <titles>
    <title>Ultrafast, event-by-event heavy-ion simulations for next-generation experiments</title>
    <secondary-title>Physical review / C</secondary-title>
  </titles>
  <periodical>
    <full-title>Physical review / C</full-title>
  </periodical>
  <publisher>Inst.</publisher>
  <pub-location>Woodbury, NY</pub-location>
  <isbn>2469-9985</isbn>
  <electronic-resource-num>10.1103/wyq5-hlp5</electronic-resource-num>
  <pages>054907</pages>
  <number>5</number>
  <volume>112</volume>
  <abstract>We present a novel deep generative framework that uses probabilistic diffusion models for ultrafast, event-by-event simulations of heavy-ion collision output. This new framework is trained on ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) cascade data to generate a full collision event output containing 26 distinct hadron species. The output is represented as a point cloud, where each point is defined by a particle's momentum vector and its corresponding species information. Our architecture integrates a normalizing flow-based condition generator that encodes global event features into a latent vector, and a diffusion model that synthesizes a point cloud of particles based on this condition. A detailed description of the model and an in-depth analysis of its performance is provided. The conditional point-cloud diffusion model learns to generate realistic output particles of collision events which successfully reproduce the UrQMD distributions for multiplicity, momentum, and rapidity of each hadron type. The flexible point-cloud representation of the event output preserves full event-level granularity, enabling direct application to inverse problems and parameter estimation tasks while also making it easily adaptable for accelerating any event-by-event model calculation or detector simulation.</abstract>
  <notes>
    <note>Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Funded by SCOAP3. ; </note>
  </notes>
  <label>PUB:(DE-HGF)16, ; 0, ; </label>
  <keywords/>
  <accession-num>WOS:001630418000005</accession-num>
  <work-type>Journal Article</work-type>
  <dates>
    <pub-dates>
      <year>2025</year>
    </pub-dates>
  </dates>
  <accession-num>GSI-2026-00011</accession-num>
  <year>2025</year>
  <urls>
    <related-urls>
      <url>https://repository.gsi.de/record/363801</url>
      <url>https://doi.org/10.1103/wyq5-hlp5</url>
      <url>&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://WOS:001630418000005</url>
    </related-urls>
  </urls>
</record>

</records>
</xml>