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@ARTICLE{Schwan:364933,
      author       = {Schwan, Laura and Averbeck, Nicole B. and Durante, Marco
                      and Jakob, Burkhard},
      title        = {{B}ase-excision repair increases {DNA} double-strand break
                      clustering within heavy-ion tracks and modulates repair at
                      δ-electron-induced breaks},
      journal      = {Scientific reports},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2045-2322},
      address      = {[London]},
      publisher    = {Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {GSI-2026-00302},
      pages        = {1339},
      year         = {2026},
      note         = {grant 50WB2014 and the European Space Agency, grant
                      $AO-2019-IBER_005.$ "This article is licensed under a
                      Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
                      which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and
                      reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give
                      appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source,
                      provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate
                      if changes were made. The images or other third party
                      material in this article are included in the article’s
                      Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a
                      credit line to the material. If material is not included in
                      the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended
                      use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
                      permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly
                      from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence,
                      visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/."},
      abstract     = {Space radiation poses a threat to human health during space
                      missions. Its biological effect largely depends on heavy
                      ions. These induce highly clustered DNA damage along their
                      tracks, which is difficult to repair. If this damage is not
                      repaired correctly, or not at all, mutations and possibly
                      cancer can occur in the long term. δ-electrons induced by
                      fast heavy ions lead to further DNA damage outside ion
                      tracks, resembling that of sparsely-ionising radiation.
                      Using inhibitors of the crucial base-excision repair factors
                      OGG1 and APE1, we show that the repair of DNA base-lesions
                      within heavy-ion tracks causes DNA double-strand breaks
                      (DSBs), which increases difficult-to-repair in-track DSB
                      clustering. We further found that DSBs induced by
                      δ-electrons of fast heavy ions are more often decorated by
                      the resection factor RPA, which suggests that they are more
                      often repaired in a resection-dependent manner than
                      X-ray-induced DSBs, despite their resemblance. Using γH2AX
                      assays to assess DSB repair kinetics, we found that
                      δ-electron-induced DSBs are repaired faster than those
                      induced by X-rays in G1-phase cells, despite the fact that
                      δ-electron-induced DSBs are frequently resected, which
                      typically entails slower repair processes. These findings on
                      δ-electron-induced DSBs imply that the quantity of
                      clustered DSBs in irradiated cells affects the overall
                      response of cells to DNA-damage. Based on our results on
                      base-excision repair and the processing of
                      δ-electron-induced DSBs, we conclude that the interplay
                      between DNA-damage repair processes is a pivotal factor in
                      the course of DNA repair and, consequently, genomic
                      integrity.},
      keywords     = {DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded: radiation effects / DNA
                      Repair: radiation effects / Humans / Electrons: adverse
                      effects / Heavy Ions: adverse effects / DNA-(Apurinic or
                      Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase: metabolism / DNA-(Apurinic or
                      Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase: antagonists $\&$ inhibitors / DNA
                      Glycosylases: metabolism / DNA Glycosylases: antagonists
                      $\&$ inhibitors / Histones: metabolism / Excision Repair /
                      Clustered DNA-damage (Other) / DNA repair (Other) / DNA-end
                      resection (Other) / Heavy ions (Other) / Space radiation
                      (Other) / δ-electrons (Other) / DNA-(Apurinic or
                      Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase (NLM Chemicals) / DNA Glycosylases
                      (NLM Chemicals) / APEX1 protein, human (NLM Chemicals) /
                      oxoguanine glycosylase 1, human (NLM Chemicals) / Histones
                      (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {BIO},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Ds200)BIO-20160831OR354},
      pnm          = {633 - Life Sciences – Building Blocks of Life: Structure
                      and Function (POF4-633) / FAIR Phase-0 - FAIR Phase-0
                      Research Program (GSI-FAIR-Phase-0) / SUC-GSI-Darmstadt -
                      Strategic university cooperation GSI-TU Darmstadt
                      (SUC-GSI-DA)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-633 / G:(Ds200)GSI-FAIR-Phase-0 /
                      G:(DE-Ds200)SUC-GSI-DA},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-Ds200)SESA-20200803},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41513727},
      UT           = {WOS:001660886800005},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41598-025-32823-z},
      url          = {https://repository.gsi.de/record/364933},
}